Steroids Damage both Athletes and Sports Essay - 885 Words

Athletes have passed or failed many tests in their life time. Either on the field or off the field it’s safe to say it would be better if they pass. Failing a test in the class room just means a bad grade. Failing a test in the sports world means an athlete can lose their job, get suspended, lose money, and lose their loyal fans and much more. Athletes can be drug tested for basically anything whether it is illegal drugs or performance enhancing drugs. Steroids are obviously the most well known drug in sports. There are three different types of steroids. Anabolic steroids are chemically derived from testosterone. They are seen in growth and thickening of the body’s non-reproductive tract tissues and have a decrease in body fat.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Roughly 100 players tested positive for performance enhancing drugs in 2003, the first year of testing.† (Tomase par 2) Of those 100 names that tested positive, one very important name that sti cks out is Barry Bonds. Barry Bonds is the all-time leading home run hitter with 762 home runs. â€Å"Bonds is charged with 10 counts of making false declarations to a grand jury and one count of obstruction of justice.† (â€Å"Bonds’ personal trainer† S03) Greg Anderson was his personal trainer who collected urine samples from Bonds. â€Å"After spending a year in jail, Anderson is considered a vital witness for the government as it tries to prove Bonds lied to a grand jury investigating steroid use by athletes.† (â€Å"Bonds’ personal trainer† S03) Another big name on that list is former league most valuable player Alex Rodriguez who is arguably the best player in baseball the past couple seasons. He tested positive for two different anabolic steroids. â€Å"The mentality of needing to hit a 3-run homer with nobody on base. It’s that pressure that drove him to experiment with banned substances.† (Roberts and Epstei n par. 3) Alex Rodriguez says â€Å"I felt like I had all the weight in the world on top of me and I needed to perform and perform at a high level everyday.† (qtd. in Roberts and Epstein par. 5) Drug testing athletes has sizeable amounts of benefits. One of those benefits is catching athletes using performance enhancing drugs or illegal drugs. George Mitchell, aShow MoreRelatedDrug Use Body Image And Athletes1535 Words   |  7 PagesImage and Athletes No matter the sport, most athletes seek every competitive advantage to make it to the top. One of the main advantages is the performance athletes gain through drug use, and a big question today is the real purpose behind the drugs. Is an athlete truly just trying to enhance his or her performance to make it to the next level, or is there a deeper meaning, a problem with body image and how the public views these athletes, or a combinationRead MoreThe Increasing Epidemic of Steroids621 Words   |  3 Pages Steroids As the popularity of sports continues to increase in society, so has the use of performance enhancing drugs, primarily anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids increase the amount of testosterone in the body which allows for increased muscular development. These drugs have been known to be used in all kinds of different sports. Athletes will use these drugs to try to please fans, receive a large contract, and to try to keep up with the players who are already using these drugs. This is creatingRead MoreAnabolic Steroids: and the High School Athlete1528 Words   |  7 PagesAnabolic Steroids: And the High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950sRead More Anabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. 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Those who disagree with the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs say that the athletes who use them are breaking the rules and getting an unfair advantage overRead More Steroids in Sports Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional sports are very special in the United States. One reason for this is the spirit of competition. However, steroid use taints this competition. If steroids were to be completely eliminated from sports, the competition would be much more special because athletes would compete with their hearts and will, without an extra boost. Also, since not everybody can be a professional athlete, the elimination of steroid use, in my opinion, would make the fans appreciate the game more and make themRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs. . Performance-Enhancing Drugs1580 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Performance-enhancing drugs (PED s) have been an issue for many decades now for the medical and sports field. Olympic and professional athletes have been using them to gain an upper hand on the competition, but some may ask if it s really worth it? Studies show that performance-enhancing drugs have been proven to negatively affect the health of athletes who take them. Simply put, performance-enhancing drugs could either improve athletic performance or can be extremely dangerousRead MoreAnabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today s Athletes857 Words   |  4 Pages Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefully help

Non Verbal Free Essays

I have sent the following communication to my professionals through a observe and shown on the observe board: â€Å"Coming Second Weekend to complete our objectives or the month a evaluation conference is organized and all should be present at. If any professional Is not able to be present at should find out the material of the conference from their colleagues without fall†. But my communication went wrong and out of 10 professionals, only three professionals have joined at 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Verbal or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 PM who checked-in with me plenty of duration of the conference. Following were the limitations of communication which was standing in the way of my communication: The â€Å"Channel† I have selected communication by â€Å"Receivers† did not make sure the invoice of the communication was missing the â€Å"Chronological context† The second Weekend being a non working day. The communication has designed a â€Å"Psychological noise† by not referring to perfect duration of the conference and misunderstandings have been designed. The â€Å"social context† also is one of the causes for the failing of the communication as I have not taken all my professionals into assured by providing any enhance information or a objective of the conference previously. Lessons learned in order to get over these limitations of communication: My communication was uncertain by not providing actual duration of conference. The press I have used Is he putting the observe on the observe panel, Instead had I distributed to all the devices and acquired their signatures by asking their accessibility or reviews my communication would not didn’t work. I have selected a wrong day a holiday though the process was a schedule one. I could have managed good interaction with my professionals for success of my communication. Overcome the communication limitations when you deliver a concept, you plan to connect significance, but the concept Itself does not contain significance. The significance prevails In your thoughts and In the brain of your recipient. To comprehend one another, you and our recipient must discuss similar explanations for terms, actions, style, and other signs. . Variations In perception The globe regularly bombards us with Information: attractions, appears to be, fragrances, and so on. Our thoughts arrange this flow of feeling Into a psychological map that symbolizes our knowing or truth. In no case is the knowing of a certain individual the same as the globe itself, and no two charts are similar. As you perspective the globe, your thoughts takes up your encounters in a exclusive and personal way. Because your views are exclusive, the concepts you want to show vary room other Individuals’ Even when two individuals have knowledgeable the same occasion, their psychological pictures of that occasion will not be similar. As senders, the most appropriate and common, a process known as particular knowing. As devices, we try to fit new information into our current design. If a details does not quite fit, we are more likely to change the important points rather than change the design. 2. Incorrect filtering Filtering is testing out before a concept is approved on to someone else. In business, the filtration between you and your recipient are many; staff, staff, receptionists, espousing to devices, etc. Those same gatekeepers may also translate’ your receiver’s concepts and reactions before moving them on to you. To get over filtration limitations, try to set up more than one communication route, remove as many intermediaries as possible, and reduce distortions by condensing concept information to the simple requirements. . Terminology problems When you select the terms for your concept, you indication that you are a participant of a particular lifestyle or sub-culture and that you know the rule. The characteristics of your rule enforce its own limitations on your concept. Barriers also are available because terms can be considered in more than one way. Terminology is an irrelevant rule that relies on distributed explanations, but there happens to be res trict to how completely any of us discuss the same significance for a given term. To get over language limitations, use the most specific and precise terms possible. Always try to use terms your viewers will comprehend. Increase the precision of your information by using language that explains rather than analyze and by introducing visible information, activities, and conditions. 4. Inadequate listening Perhaps the most common hurdle to wedding celebration is merely a lack of interest on the receiver’s part. We all let our thoughts walk now and then, regardless of how hard we try to concentrate. Everyone is basically likely to get to sleep when they are compelled to pay attention to information that is obscure or that has little immediate keeping on their own lifestyles. Too few of us basically do not pay interest well! To get over limitations, paraphrase what you have recognized, try to perspective the problem through the sight of other sound system and avoid moving to results. Explain significance by asking non-threatening questions, and pay interest without disturbing. 5. Varying psychological states Every concept contains both a content significance, which offers with the topic of the concept, and a connection significance, which indicates the characteristics of the interaction between e-mailer and recipient. Connections can break down when the recipient responds adversely to either of these explanations. You may have to deal with individuals when they are disappointed or when you are. An disappointed individual tends to neglect or change what the other individual is saying and is often incapable to present feelings and concepts successfully. This is not to say that you should prevent all communication when you are psychologically engaged, but you should be mindful of the higher prospective for misconception that comes with turned on feelings. To get over psychological limitations, be aware of the feelings that occur in yourself and in others as you connect, and make an effort to control them. Most essential, be mindful of the higher prospective for misconception that comes Differences in qualifications can be one of the toughest communication limitations to get over. Age, knowledge, sex, social position, financial position, social qualifications, disposition, health, elegance, reputation, religious beliefs, governmental perception, even a moving feelings can all individual one individual from another and make knowing challenging. To get over the limitations associated with differing background scenes, prevent predicting your own qualifications or lifestyle onto others. Explain your own and comprehend the qualifications of others, areas of knowledge, individualistic and views and do not believe that certain actions mean the same thing to everyone. How to cite Non Verbal, Papers

International Marketing for Tradeoffs and Risks- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Marketing for Tradeoffs and Risks. Answer: Introduction The report revolves around the various aspects of managing international business by Armani and how it has established its position within the global business environment of New Zealand with ease and effectiveness. The market entry strategy will help in developing proper plans for managing the delivery of products and services to a targeted market segment and distribute those properly too. The import and export activities can help the organization to develop as well as manage contracts within a foreign country and ensure successful business functioning too (armani.com, 2017). Purpose and scope of the report The purpose of developing this report is to analyse how the fashion brand named Armani has managed to operate in the global business environment of New Zealand. To become successful in the global business environment, an appropriate marketing strategy should be chosen such as exporting, franchising, joint venture, relationship based entry, etc (Berthon et al., 2012). Suitable market entry strategy including tradeoffs and risks There are various effective market entry strategies including exporting, franchising, joint venture and relationship based entry that can be used by Armani to sustain within the international business environment. Direct exporting activities could help the company to sell the products and services directly in the market by utilizing a vast amount of resources. Armani has developed a sales program for the distributors and wholesalers by representing those in the market as well as consider them as major agents to manage product distribution and selling within the foreign country (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). Franchising allows for rapid market expansion by transferring the business models into another market segment in some other country. It works as an effective market entry strategy when the company has a string brand image and name to survive in the competitive business environment in New Zealand. The joint ventures could enable to form partnership between the two companies or individuals and manage coordination to work as an unit. The losses and profits gained would be shared equally between the two companies. Armani can export the products and services delivered and even get involved in the processes of manufacturing, distribution and export of fabrics that are needed for both shirting and suiting purposes (Helm Gritsch, 2014). The new technologies essential for improving quality of clothing products are projectile, airjet, rapier looms, etc. that are used by Armani to weave the fabric items and provide a better quality product. This will not only suit the service users but can also keep their needs and preferences fulfilled (armani.com, 2012). The exporting activities are managed through utilization of the most recent machinery including calendar machine, kd machine, comfit machine and formula machine that can enhance the quality of products and services and ensure that the high level of demands of customers in the different market segments are fulfilled. Direct selling and indirect selling are major methods of exporting (Kuo et al., 2012). To manage indirect selling, the export intermediary manages its roles by identifying the customers in the overseas market of New Zealand and check out proper ways of shipping products. The wholesaler is responsible for gaining possession of the products and even obtains better profit through obtaining knowledge and expertise by selling products of Armani in the foreign market. The risk of surviving in the international market is huge and so There could be risks related to the trading activities and so the domestic buyers must assume the risks and then handle the exporting details proper ly (Laufs Schwens, 2014). Exporting has enabled Armani to enter new market by exporting directly through intermediaries to become aware of the foreign competition, market opportunities and new technologies implemented. This could facilitate the ways of managing e-commerce website and sell products online by shipping those in the foreign countries with convenience. While exporting directly, Armani has developed contracts to increase its sales and increase the customer base (Meissner, 2012). Relevant marketing mix strategies The marketing mix strategies implemented by Armani has helped in targeting the consumers in the foreign market and even cater to the segment consisting of customers who cannot afford the signature line. The company has targeted the young customers segments and provides them with modern and innovative designs that can be applicable for the target customers. Products Giorgio Armani has developed its products by providing some identifiable features in their designs and even increased the product line through introduction of wide range of apparel consisting of signature Armani suits. The targeted segments of customers are mainly between the age of 35 to 50. To survive in the competitive business environment of New Zealand, the company has focused on the lower market segment by introducing Armani Collezioni and fulfilled the requirements of lower market segments (Terpstra, Foley Sarathy, 2012). Modern designs are created to cater the needs of young targeted consumer while the jeans collection also could be a major trend among the girls and women in New Zealand. This would make them experience both luxurious and fashionable line of apparel after making purchases from Armani. Price Armani has created a good brand image and name amongst the elite members of the society but in order to sustain in the global business environment, it would be essential to manage production of products for both the elite class and normal people of New Zealand. The price levels are different for introducing new products and services in the market and ensure successful market expansion. The Collezioni brand items are priced properly, i.e., 20 percent lower compared to the premium segment products to targeting the lower segments of customers (Zhou, Wu Barnes, 2012). Armanis Prive Line also is an essential segment of fashion and clothing that can be available at competitive process and this can influence the buying behaviors of consumers too. Place Armani has its stores all around the world and during the management of international business, the company must establish a chain of retail outlets in New Zealand to serve many customers and make them know about the brand supremacy. The wide range of accessories, apparels available could help Armani to showcase its customers and make the, feel the benefits of deluxe fashion. Armani has made proper strategic plans to develop a retail network of more than 15 stores in New Zealand and enhance the numbers of customers and sales revenue. The products of Armani should be made available online and even allow the customers to check the products, apply those to an on-screen model and evaluate the shades prior to purchase (armani.com, 2017). Promotion Armanis promotional strategies are exceptional, because the company has not only involved celebrities to endorse the brand products. Social media involvement could also be beneficial for the company to make more people aware of the new products delivered and influence their buying behavior too. The celebrities wore the dresses and could do ramp walks to highlight the excellence in Armani products and influence customers of New Zealand to try those (Berthon et al., 2012). Conclusion The topic focused on the international marketing consisting of how the business organization Armani managed to operate in the foreign market, i.e., New Zealand. As an effective market entry strategy, the exporting activities should be used by Armani to enter the new market segments and attract more customers. Armani has filled orders from the domestic purchasers who are responsible for exporting the products. Armani has identified the domestic purchasers who can represent the foreign customers and this would help in attracting huge numbers of customers. The marketing mix strategies had helped in determining the major products including suits and apparel items along with the prices set for those and promotions done to ensure successful business functioning within the global business environment. References armani.com (2017). Armani | Official Online Store |. Retrieved 31 October 2017, from https://www.armani.com Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Helm, R., Gritsch, S. (2014). Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), 418-428. Kuo, A., Kao, M. S., Chang, Y. C., Chiu, C. F. (2012). The influence of international experience on entry mode choice: Difference between family and non-family firms.European Management Journal,30(3), 248-263. Laufs, K., Schwens, C. (2014). Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), 1109-1126. Meissner, H. G. (2012).Strategic international marketing. Springer Science Business Media. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Zhou, L., Wu, A., Barnes, B. R. (2012). The effects of early internationalization on performance outcomes in young international ventures: the mediating role of marketing capabilities.Journal of International Marketing,20(4), 25-45.

Once You Go to the Dark Side, There is No Coming Back free essay sample

There are times in life when you are trying to talk to a friend, but they seem so much more entertained by an IPod or their cell phone. They are not trying to be rude, but just how they are not pay attention is coming off as anti-social. Technology is rapidly increasing throughout our world; we now have Facebook, MySpace, IPhones, IPods, cell phones, AIM, Omegle, and much more. Many people think that is makes things easier and more efficient, but others will defend that it is making the world unsociable and everything is coming down texting or Facebook. While we use technology to seek social comfort, it really pulls us away from a genuine communal life. People go from being totally normal when talking to a friend by text messages, to not even talking when you try to start a conversation with them at school. The teens are loosing their social skills, and they are not able to live with live communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Once You Go to the Dark Side, There is No Coming Back or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their world is centered around and through technology. Not only do people around then notice it but they themselves do also, â€Å"they also reported spending time less talking with their family, experiencing more daily stress, and feeling more lonely and depressed† (Affonso 1). The teens even notice themselves not spend enough time with their family like they use to, they don’t seem to talk to their family and friends on a regular basis. They show no interest with the people that they love, all they care about is who they are texting or who’s on Facebook. Knowing that all their relationships are through the internet they start to have the feeling on loneliness. They talk to people all the time, but the talks don’t show them a real friendship. Segregation from the real world is being caused by electronics that allow you to take yourself out of the social experience. Teens and adults know that all they have to do to take themselves out of the awkward conversation is to put the IPod headphones in, they think that when they take themselves out of the socialism everything with be comfortable again. Everyone around you doesn’t take that gesture the same as you think, â€Å"the main appeal of the IPod is that it preoccupies you so you no longer obligated to interact with the uncontrollable factors of everyday life† (Song 1). People believe that IPod are the resource to take yourself out, no matter where it is or when, all you have to do is press play. The world is centered on relationships through the internet, cell phones, or IPods and when they really have the chance to do it in a real social environment they don’t know how, they just feel awkward and weird. When using technology for everyday life, you don’t learn the way to deal with the social environment, people don’t understand that you have to let the other one talk, respect them, and be patient. We gain confidence when behind the mask of technology, but it creates conflict when negative behavior transfers over into social networks. Using the internet can open the door to many opportunities that you usually wouldn’t get in the real world, â€Å"While out culture heralds the internet as a technological wonder, there are suggestions that internet use has a negative influence on individuals and their social skills† (Affonso 1). This shows that not only does in internet slowly moderates the citizen’s social ability, but it also pulls them into pessimistic influences. They have multiples places with accesses to anything that anyone wants, they have no rules and no obligation not to look at it, watch in, or join it. While social networking helps maintain relationships it does more harm then good. Encourages appalling behavior such as â€Å"hate pages† and cyber bulling. Cyber bulling is a huge epidemic sweeping teens across the nation. Teens gain confidence by using teen networking sights. Ultimately ganging up on each other when dealing with problems and conflicts. Coget and Yutaka make a great point when they say, â€Å"the internet can foster openness, self-confidence, and a greater sense of ease and comfort in dealing with others† (1). This shows that not only does this happen in my life, or others around me, but everyone. Internet opens so many opportunities for teens and adults to bring out their real selves. When they open Facebook or Myspace there confidence comes out. They think that it is not the same when they talk bad about the person to their face, but to post it on their wall so that everyone can see it is totally fine. Now when it comes to the side that believes it is influencing us to a better good, many may think that having an IPod or IPhone, putting their earphones in will disengage them from the world. Comfort is what people strive for, when it comes to situations face to face there is no way to avoid them. If there were no social networking we wouldn’t have to strive for comfort, it would already be there. People believe that the internet is something that shows us a whole new world, it helps use be more efficient and everything is good. Harris believes that, â€Å"Ipods unite people more than it does to divide them† (1). When Harris mentions the IPods show people a good time, and bring everyone together to have a fun party, she doesn’t think about what Ipods can do in other situations. In normal lives IPods do not do the same function, they are for your own personal enjoyment not a social group party. When you are at a party with music it does bring the people together, but when you are in your car on the way home to school listening to music that is a different story. Your mom is trying to socialize and talk to you, but all you want to do it listen your â€Å"jams†. People eventually use the internet and social networking to enlarge their social circle that they are evolved in. Coget and Yutaka truly have faith that, â€Å"one’s social circle can be considerably expanded† (1). When you are sweep up by cyber land you forget how to have a normal relationship and genuine connections. When all your relationships are though the internet or telecommunication devices you don’t get the real feel or a true friendship, nothing is the same when you are talk through a satellite. You never no the true feeling of a true best friend or girlfriend/boyfriend when all you get to hear is there voices, or all you get is a message from them. The feeling gives you warmth, but how do you know it’s truly a relationship? No one can be trusted though cyber land, who knows who they truly are. In conclusion, technology is negatively effecting teens by allowing them to dismiss social etiquette and creating distractions from the real world. Teenagers who become addicted to the world of cell phones, computers, and IPods are so disconnected form the world by the time they realize that, they will not be able to live a normal live. Once you live through a satellite and little social interactions, what have you learned about how to act and talk to people you may know how to do it, but inside you know that you are feeling awkward. Once you go to the dark side, there is no coming back.

Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay Example

Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay Example Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay Autobiography In Chitra Banerjees Works English Literature Essay Essay life , and write , therefore it is a manner of composing that has been about about every bit long as history has been recorded. Yet autobiography was non categorized as a term till the late 18th century. It is following logged usage was in its current sense by Robert Southey in 1809. He coined the term for depicting the work of a Provencal poet. The chief characteristics of autobiography are the individuality of the ego, the grammatical position of the work, and self-reflection or self-contemplation. If we talked about the grammatical position, autobiography is largely written in the first individual singular. It is believed that it is by and large a narrative one tells about oneself, that s why it is non surely followed that the author would tell or narrate her or his yesteryear from a 3rd and 2nd individual position. Jean Quigley confirms this point in her book The Grammar of Autobiography ( 2000 ) by stating that, Equally shortly as we are asked about ourselves, to state our autobiography, we start to state narratives. We tell what happened, what we said, what we did 2. Biographers by and large relate to a broad assortment of paperss or point of views and on the other side autobiography may be based wholly on the author s memory. One of the first great autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculpturer and goldworker Benevento Cellini ( 1500-1571 ) . He declares at the start, No affair what kind he is, everyone who has to his recognition what are or truly seem great accomplishments, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to compose the narrative of his ain life in his ain manus ; but no 1 should venture on such a glorious project before he is over 40. 3 Therefore, the supporter, the writer, and the storyteller must portion a common individuality for the work to be acknowledged as an autobiography. This common individuality could be tantamount, but is non equal. The personality that the writer creates becomes a character within the narrative that may non be an entirely factual image of the writer s existent yesteryear. Noteworthy eighteenth century in English includes those of Benjamin Franklin and Edward Gibbon, following the inclination of Romanticism, which greatly highlighted the function and the nature of the person, and in the waies of Jean-Jacques Rousseau s Confessions ( 1782-1789 ) . It is a more fond signifier of autobiography researching the topic s emotions. An English illustration is William Hazlitt s Liber Amoris ( 1823 ) , a painful analysis of the author s love life. With the rise of instruction, modern constructs of famous person and name began to develop, economic system newspapers and inexpensive printing, and the receivers of this were non slow to hard currency in on this by bring forthing autobiographies. Therefore, autobiographical plants are by nature subjective. Some sociologists and psychologist have noted that autobiography offers the writer s ability to animate history. Further, the term fictional autobiography has been invented to specify novels about a fictional character written as though the character were composing their ain life. Daniel Defoe s Moll Flanders ( 1721 ) and Charles Dickens s David Copperfield ( 1850 ) are early illustrations of fictional autobiography. The term may besides use to the plants of fiction claiming to be autobiographies of existent characters, e.g. Robert Nye s Memoirs of Lord Byron ( 1994 ) . In the autobiography, clip and history at first glimpse, seem supreme. On balance, autobiography is the history of the things that have happened in a individual s life. The experiences of his life were selected and made ready for public use and normally written in the first individual. It habitually seems that while truth may be divined from one s ain narrative, sometimes it is non one s ain truth but the truth of a state, a civilization, and a coevals. An autobiographical novel is a method which is utilizing car fiction techniques or the assimilation of fiction and autobiographical elements. Therefore, the literary technique is differentiated from memoir and an autobiography by the status of being fiction. Because an autobiographical novel is partly fiction, the writer does non inquire the reader to anticipate the text to carry through the autobiographical treaty . In an autobiographical novel name and locations are frequently changed and events are reconstructed to do them more dramatic but the narrative still stands a close similarity to that of the writer s life. At the same clip as incidents of the writer s life are recounted, there is no pretence of precise truth. Events may be altered or overstated for artistic or thematic ground. As a consequence the term autobiography novel is hard to specify. Novels which have the portray scenes or state of affairss with which the writer is familiar are non needfully autobiographical.A Neither are novels that comprise facets drawn from the writer s life as little secret plan inside informations. To be measured an autobiographical by most criterions, there should be aA protagonistA modeled after the writer and a centralA plotlineA that reflects events in his or her life. Many novels about private experiences, intense are besides written as autobiographical novel. Therefore, normally the novelist douses in thoughtful self-contemplation foremost to happen out herself and so to aesthetically air world to the readers thereby wining in making and specifying expressively capturing personages. Even more appealing is the sequence of her adult females from one phase of development to the other picturing them as cheerful and brave characters. By the manner, different autobiographical glosss between the novelists and her creative activities can ever be observed. It is non easy to turn away from the autobiographical elements so imposingly and diagrammatically present in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni s authorship. She could non envelop within her the strong advise to compose about her ain battle with individuality foremost as an emigre from India, and eventually as a citizen in the United States. She writes her plants with the assorted phases of her life as her characters are close projections of herself. In brief her Hagiographas typify her intelligence of what it means to be a adult female author of Bengali-Indian beginning who has lived in America. Divakaruni found it complicated to adhere herself as a innovator of new districts, patterns, and literature. Chitra Banerjee believed that high-quality fiction focuses on the rational emotional and physical responses of a group of characters when they are placed in a circumstance non habit to them. She sensed that religious violent behavior left a stronger impact on the head instead than physical force on the organic structure. For that ground, her adult females supporters are interested in their psychological surveies. There is an ceaseless support in her adult female to construct up their confused life and to show their verification to life. True plenty, while they try to make so, they come out unnatural in their behavior but this is merely in a proposal to populate life on their ain conditions. Therefore, Divakaruni has skilfully made usage of her experiences both in the East every bit good as the West, united with personal brushs to analyze and to portray the life of the adult females characters objectively. The Hunt for the place in which the ego is at place has been one of the most of import undertakings of the modern literature all over the universe. A figure of books make an attempt to map the narrations of home in South Asiatic literature from the move in front of modernness on the subcontinent of the present twenty-four hours. Their program is to understand more than the domestic into representations of the place, to look at non merely the geographical, but besides the psychological and material sunglassess of place. The first aim is to disband the perceptual experience of place in all its incarnations as stableness, myth, parturiency, security, and as desire. Chitra Banerjee s literary plants both challenges or focuses place and her experiences in different state of affairss. It examines that how the consciousness of place alterations its meanings when expressed from different locations, by different topics and in different linguistic communications, paying demanding concentrati on to ideological determinates such as category and gender. So, the loss of or the separation to one s native civilization can do sorrow in a migrator s life. The psychological change is indispensable to incorporate and follow into a new civilization, name into inquiry the thought of a pure individuality . Furthermore the mixture place of a migrator may pretense a hazard to one s individuality by oppugning the relationship between the place and the self . Run with the challenges of life in two or more civilizations encourage the migrator authors to copy their fatherland with their new milieus and an attempt to accommodate a new dirt. Therefore, Divakaruni s work is a mixture of autobiography and fiction ; her narratives represent the diverse and assorted positions of a migrator s feelings and ideas. Divakaruni develops her ain reading of Indian imposts and history. She portrays a image of an equivocal legendary fatherland. In her effort to associate her narrative, she reveals to the reader the penetration of her withdrawal. The hyphenated position of her individuality, Asian-Indian or American prompts her to look into her last portion of the dash. Like Divakaruni, many Postcolonial authors are paying attending in disputing the fixed position of the universe and its emblazoned significances. Therefore, truth and genuineness are matched, as a consequence the migrator authors support multiplicity against the fastness of intending. They value the freedom to organize their ain significances through texts. Originality is viewed by many postmodern authors as an act of authorising one s individuality. As a effect, Chitra Banerjee appears closer to her ain lost fatherland in her short-stories and novels. In her narratives she illustrates the separation of integrated westerners ; in her work it can be construed as the renditions of her ain perceptual experience of India peculiarly in Calcutta. Divakaruni s plants are non applicable in the sanctioned definition of autobiography but there are features of it. To understand the traits of autobiography we have to judge her plants through the assorted points of position. We can easy happen out the qualities that who she used her personal patterns in her plants. In order to happen out the consequences we have started from the personal history and later it will transport on with the other points in the class of to turn out autobiographical characters in her plants like- sense of disruption, image of immigrant, the issue of 9/11, her construct of India, the impact of her gramps s influence, attitude towards faith, the characters in Divakaruni s plants, etc. The Concept of India- Even after three decennaries of assimilation and version, Divakaruni maintains wishing for her cultural background. We can easy feel the image of India in her plants. During her past 19 old ages in India she learned a batch about the civilization, linguistic communication, traditions, and rites of this state. She is really much inspired by all her experiences of her fatherland, which we can judge in her authorship besides. There are so many musca volitanss where it is proved that the writer wishes to portion her cognition about India with her readers. Her plants are non wholly autobiographical but there is a word picture of her personal patterns. In her plants particularly Arrange Marriage ( 1995 ) , Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) , Vine of Desire ( 2002 ) , Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) , The Conch Bearer ( 2003 ) , and The Palace of Illusions ( 2008 ) ; the narrative line is based on the illustration of India. Divakaruni was born in a traditional in-between category household in Calcutta, India. Turning up in a figure of topographic points in India, the writer feels a strong familiarity to the landscape and individuals of the subcontinent. Her female parent besides lived there till she was alive. Divakaruni sees the ethnicities and narratives of Bengal as being centre to her personality as a author. Her authorship is made more complimentary by the fact that she is researching the experience of being Indian every bit good as the citizen of the U.S. In her novel The Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) , she presented the image of a traditional Chatterjee s household of Calcutta. The fresh carries the subject of capturing the quandary and chances facing adult females with one pes in the modern universe and the other in traditional Indian society. This novel tells us the narrative of Anju and Sudha, two immature misss raised as sisters in an old conventional household. The narrative continues between these two sisters in her another novel The Vine of Desire ( 2002 ) . Therefore, in her few novels she represents the societal and cultural alterations that the India has undergone. She centers on the unbelievable power of society or household plus the dealingss between household members and paying close consciousness to the scrutinies of adult females covered up by the Indian society. Born on the same twenty-four hours into a traditional household circle, they have shared a powerful emotional bond since birth. At the centre of the book lies the miss s upper-class and affluent Indian household, strong-willed to follow clip privileged regulations of modestness. But as they come of age, their relationship is tested by household secrets, love affair, arranged matrimony, and eventually in-migration to America. That s a topic about which Divakaruni, who was born in Calcutta, writes from her personal experiences. The writer says about her work, The background out of Calcutta comes out of my experience all of the concerns with the challenges that adult females face both in India and in America are of class, really near to me. Other than that, the remainder of the narrative is imagined. 4 The book is separated into two divides named after narratives the misss used to state each other, one is The Princess in the Palace of Snakes and another is The Queen of Swords . Over and over once more the events of the book parallel the workss in these narratives. As good assorted in with, these narratives are Bengali narratives and myths of the God in the Hindu usage. Many of the outlooks the Sudha and Anju face in so far as matrimony and instruction are traditional. There are set ordinances they must either accept or to take hazards for deriving a position. Religious belief, jubilations, and frock are really much a portion of Indian tradition and this was explained in item by the writer. She tried to give her readers an existent image of India particularly her place town Calcutta. She described about the usage of sign of the zodiacs over there- It is every eventide on our patio, its bricks overgrown with moss. A clip when the Sun bents low on the skyline, half hidden by the pipul trees which line our compound walls all the manner down the long private road to the bolted wrought-iron Gatess. Our great gramps had them planted 100 old ages ago to maintain the adult females safe from the regard of aliens. 5 Divakaruni besides talked about the responsibilities of girls, Good girls are bright lamps, illuming their female parent s name ; wicked girls are firebrands, searing their household s celebrity 6. Calcutta is celebrated for few things like Howrah station, populace s enthusiasm towards film theatres, and their devotedness for Ma Kali ( durga puja ) . Divakaruni touched all these things really good in her plot line. We can feel the exhilaration on the releasing of a new movie, The new movie had taken Calcutta by storm. Everywhere there were hoardings, larger and brighter than life, picturing the hero and heroine. She in her keen gold-worked dance skirt and dupatta, the guiltless virgin in the thick of a corrupt court.Or crying in the clasps of the evil nabab as her prince hastes on horseback to her deliverance. At school the misss could nt halt whispering about how romantic it was, the lovers vocalizing of ageless passion as they sail on a moonlit river.7 The writer besides quoted a few lines from the popular vocals which every paan store in the metropolis used to play, Chalo dil daar chalo and Saari raat chalet chalte . There is a portraiture of the pleasance when both the misss went to the theatre by beating their categories. Somehow they were frightened but besides enjoyed their new experience because that clip parents did non let misss to travel the film hall. There is a description of an old Indian film hall in the narrative. The cold-drink sellers with their carts filled with bright-orange Fantas and pale-yellow Juslas, the slabs of ice sudating under jute bagging, have gone place, holding sold out everything. But the cold darkness of the film is a charming state, no less fantastic than the images gleaming bright as gems on the screen. Air-conditioned breezes wash over us like a approval, and the slow swoosh of the ceiling fans is every bit cheering as a whispered cradlesong. 8 If we talk through the autobiographical point of position we can happen out that the few features of Anju are really much similar to the author herself. Anju is fond of books particularly in English literature and she wants to analyze farther. She was excited to travel to America because she already knew that there she can acquire a right counsel for her higher surveies in English Literature. In the novel Anju says, It eventually seems existent that in less than three months every bit shortly as the summer vacations is over I ll get down in the English honours plan at Lady Brabourne College 9. She was attracted towards the authorship of Virginia Woolf and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Somehow that s the same narrative of Divakaruni s life besides. That s true that Anju s life is non every bit same as Divakaruni s but through this character we can acquire a glimpse or image of Divakaruni s past life. There is a point of an autobiographical component in the character of Anju because of her wonts, desires, and her manner of looking towards the things. In her teenage old ages Anju read books like Anna Karenina, Sons and Lovers, A Room of One s Own, and Beowulf. She was sword lily that she did and wants to be a author. Books are really much stopping point to her. She expresses her positions, Books! I ll direct away for books that are difficult to happen in this state. Books by authors the nuns reference disapprovingly. Kate Chopin. Sylvia Plath. Books where adult females do all sorts of loony, brave, fantastic things. I want the latest novels, to give me a gustatory sensation of London and New York and Amsterdam. I want books that will spirit me into the coffeehouse and cabarets of Paris, the plantations of Louisiana, the rain woods of the Amazon and the Australian outback. 10 Except all this, the writer mentioned her ain consciousness of colour and gustatory sensation of India. India is good known for its colourful fabrics and assortment of nutrient. Salwaar-Kameezes soft as a bady s tegument, coloured like morning. Saris made of the finest translucent silk, the sort that can be pulled through a ring. Scarves shimmering like a Inachis io s pharynx 11. Divakaruni presented a existent gustatory sensation of India in the novel The Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) , in which she highlights the heterogeneousness of Indian cookery by calling each chapter of the novel after a different spice, e.g. Curcuma longa, cinnamon, Greek clover, fennel, ginger, peppercorn, kalojire, neem, etc. Divakaruni novel mingles spiritual superstitious notions, ancient Hindu mythology, and traditional Ayurvedic medical cognition with American socio-cultural anxiousnesss of the ninetiess. As she explained in an interview, the fresh trade with a yesteryear that is set in a fabulous India, but the present is really much set in Oakland, California ( Rasiah, 148 ) 12. The symbolic phantasy and fable represents the charming powers of a spiritualist adult female of Indian heritage. Tilottama ( Tilo ) , named after benne seeds, the spice of nutriment, who runs an Indian food market shop, Spice Bazaar , in Oakland. Divakaruni has written about the characteristics of benne seeds in her novel, Til is the benne seed, under the sway of planet Venus, gold-brown as through merely touched by fire. The flower of which is so little and consecutive and pointed that female parents pray for their miss kids to hold olfactory organs shaped like it. Til which land into paste with sandal wood remedies diseases of bosom and liver, til which fried in its ain oil restores lustre when 1 has lost involvement in life. 13 Divakaruni has religious accomplishments which help to handle her multi-generational and multiracial shoppers emotional, physical, and religious unwellnesss. Her strong point prevarications in her beat and evocative descriptions of the charming power of spices and the island civilization. She believes that every spice has peculiar powers and they may assist us to come out of different problems. The writer wondrous described the utilizations of every spice and its spiritualty. Such as, Turmeric which is besides named hauld, intending xanthous, coloring material of dawn and conch-shell sound. Turmeric the refinisher, maintaining nutrients safe in a land of heat and hungriness. Turmeric the auspicious spice, placed on the caputs of neonates for fortune, sprinkled over coconuts at pujas, rubbed into the boundary lines of marrying saree. Kalojire, spice of the dark planet Ketu, defender against the evil oculus. Spice that is bluish, black and glistering like the forest Sundarban where it was foremost found. Kalojire shaped like a teardrop, smelling natural and wild like Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, to cover over what destiny has written. Coriander seed, sphere-shaped like the Earth, for uncluttering your sight. When you soak it and imbibe, the H2O purges you of old guilts. 14 She was able to cover wondrous with this sort of description merely because of her past accomplishments. She got the sense from her ascendants, her grandma, and her cognition towards the Hindu legends where allopathic intervention was non at all accessible merely Ayurvedic medical was in pattern. They used to believe that every spice has a particular power and something charming is there behind all this. Therefore, somehow all these are her personal acquaintances which she wants to portion with her readers. She besides gave us the sense of Hindu festivals and nakshatra, when one of a client of Tilo explains her significance of ekadasi, Aunty today is ekadasi you know, 11th twenty-four hours of the Moon, and my mother-in-law being a widow must non eat rice 15. Divakaruni besides used a batch of Hindi words in her novel The Mistress of Spices, particularly the name of spices and nutrient like adhrak, dhania, raita, pakoras, gulab-jamuns, akhrot, chandan, ajwain, atta, rawa, papad, chapati, sabji, kheer, amchur, pulao, rasmalai, tulsi, etc. Except this we can besides analyze few words which we usually use in our native linguistic communication ( Hindi ) such as sindur, bajara, janwaar, keramat, chhodomainu, shikara, sarpakanya, paanparaag, shehnai, khuda-hafiz, and the remainder. It shows that how the writer is connected towards her ain root and she wants to maintain these memories safe in her personal every bit good as professional life. It marks her composing close to autobiography. Divakaruni upholds the heat for her cultural surroundings, sing India reasonably on a regular basis. Her hubby is of South Indian descent and they have two immature boies Anand and Adhay. She says in one of her interviews, It s of import to keep a sense of cultural individuality. Everyone makes picks of what in their civilization is of import to them. I do wear Indian apparels, particularly when I do formal events, and even when I teach. We go to Chinmaya mission, a large Hindu organisation for religious values, and our male childs go to Sunday school at that place . She farther says, The manner I grew up, there was a batch of things for them were a batch of regard for people in the household parents, grandparents. We did a batch for them, and they did a batch for us. I want my male childs to turn up with that, non believing you merely take attention of yourself and that s it. It s a inquiry of equilibrating what the single wants and what s good for the household . 16 Divakaruni s few novels are for kids as Neela: Victory Song ( 2006 ) , The Conch Bearer ( 2005 ) , and The Mirror of Fire and Dreaming ( 2005 ) . She is turning her consciousness to assist South Asiatic American kids like her ain immature male childs, to understand about their background or roots. She thinks that South Asiatic kids have really few books that are based on their civilization. Therefore, it s so indispensable for kids to see themselves reflected in their literature in a important manner. She wants to give them characters like Neela and Anand, who are courageous and strong. One of her characters Anand is on the name of her ain kid. Through her narratives she gave them the sense of freedom combatants life during the battle for the freedom of India, the scene of Howrah station, and Himalaya part. She successfully depicted the image of India in her narratives after all she is besides a portion of it. She says in one of her interviews, I think I am traveling back to a really old tradition of literature or art that is supposed to convey out our better egos. Literature hence becomes an instrument of opening up our spiritualty. That is why the antediluvian heroic poems in India continue to be read, studied, recited, and venerated, in the hope that they will do us into better people. This is by and large non the end of what is being written in modern-day literature. In a unusual manner, by traveling back to this really ancient ideal of literature and utilizing it in our authorship, we may go really extremist. 17 Image of Immigrant- As a long term inhabitant of America and besides an inheritor of a Bengali emigrant household, Divakaruni has a double personality. On one manus it would come out utile as it permits an inimitable penetration and the possibility to burden and compare cultural fluctuations and enrich her life. Though, it has the characteristic of a dual expatriate. She finds herself non to the full received by either society and is separated from the local experience and an unfamiliar individual to her topographic point of beginning. In the field of unfavorable judgment, Divakaruni s work has drawn notable comments in anthologies where it has been featured. She is connected to other modern-day authors of Asiatic bequest, peculiarly adult females, and following to those who left India and wished to compose in English. In this respect, an intensifying figure of bookman and critics point out her composing within the model of intercontinental. Rajini Srikanth, for case, is interested in specifying the freshness and specificity of modern-day adult females authors of Indian descent. Nalini Iyer insists on new narrative manners for diasporic topics . Ketu H. Katrak contends that classs of race, ethnicity and state, along with gender, category, faith and linguistic communication are at interest when diasporic individualities and communities are being created. In consideration of Divakaruni s short narratives, Sau-ling C. Wong s survey examines the impossibleness of entire Americanisation, in resistance to the strong desire of supporters to liberate themselves from the patriarchal and smothering Asiatic background.18 Salmaan Rushdie besides admits that the plants of any immigrant author is an attempt to come to conditions with and to animate her or his ain sense of the mislaid fatherland. Chita Banerjee is an illustration of an immigrant whose artistic quality is non purely existent but self-confirmative. She is soon one of the well-known writers of self-reflexive authorship, who chose to bring forth an image of India, non entirely based on accurate exactitude, but portray a personal vision of a fantasy state. The method of composing a manner of fiction where the writer is prejudiced by her or his ain personal convulsion produces works with strong autobiographical hints, which prompt and take the migratory author. Therefore, the immigrant s double position of her state of version and her fatherland is a consequence of the authorising power of life in two heads infinite unable to acquire a pes clasp in moreover civilization. Whether set in America or India, Divakaruni s plots characteristic an Indian Born adult female torn between new and old universe values. She gives uses her optical maser like penetration and skilled usage of lyrical portraiture, secret plan, and narrative to give her readers a many dimensional expression at the characters. The writer depicted their ain universe, which is filled with find, hope, and fright. Whether it is Calcutta, Chicago, or California ; adult females learn to go accustomed in their new and altering civilization. As a consequence they find out their ain sense of ego amidst joy and grief. Opening with her first book of short-stories, Arranged Marriage ( 1995 ) , Chitra has remained realistic to her feminist impulse. Bound on in usage as though it was an ill-fitting saree, her female supporters have frequently resisted with supplanting, desperation, and domestic maltreatment. The writer of National Book Award winning fresh Waiting ( 1999 ) Ha Jin has given his reappraisal for it, This is an extraordinary aggregation, intelligently conceived and passionately written. Most of the narratives illuminate the hurting, loss, and disaffection of the immigrant experience and transform them into the play of our common human being. Besides elegance and delectation, we can besides happen wisdom here. 19 The taking characters in her novels Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) and its subsequence The Vine of Desire ( 2002 ) plus the outstanding novel The Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) ; all make paths to the United States from South Asia. These Indian adult females become accustomed to their new land and turning chances even as their oldest knots to tradition and household are pulled tight and get down to frazzle. Thus, In Divakaruni s works the scene of the narratives is to some extent autobiographical and based on the lives of immigrants. Her fresh Sister of my Heart took topographic point in Calcutta, whereas in the Mistress of Spices and in her short narrative aggregation Arranged Marriage she traveled around the immigrant acquaintance in the class of Indian adult female in American state. She says, Well, in-migration has been cardinal to my ain life experience. Immigration is what made me see my civilization with new eyes, one time I moved midway across the universe from it. It made me desire to compose so I could get down understanding my experiences in America. I continue to compose in order to understand. 20 The Trauma of 9/11- After 9/11, Divakaruni was dying with bias against Indian-Americans. Soon after September 11 when terrorists attacked on the World Trade Center, the writer wanted to compose about it. She wrote a batch of articles in newspapers and magazines but somehow it was a personal response. She wrote imposingly for good housework titled Bing Dark-Skinned in a Dark Time . Besides wrote a subdivision for the Los Angeles Times about her ain experience of seting up a flag became a double-edged blade for people who might look Middle Eastern. The force against many minority groups after this incident preponderantly affected her. It was a large oculus opener for everyone. It was such a painful and powerful lesson in how different people saw America. She expressed her personal sentiment about it in her confab with Susan Comninos, As an American, I wanted to demo my support and my nationalism. I wanted to set up a flag. On the other manus, letters were being circulated in my community that said Put up a flag for your ain safety. Then I felt, why should I have to set up a flag for my ain safety? Why should I hold to turn out I m non a bad individual, merely because I look a certain manner? And so it became a really ambivalent gesture. I did set up a flag, but every clip I looked at it, I was visited by these really different feelings. I know a batch of people in my community felt the same manner. So I did those immediate pieces of authorship, which were much more autobiographical. But the inquiry of what happened-and how, in hard times, a seeable minority becomes a target-continued to concern me. I felt really strongly about it. I had to happen a more lasting literary infinite to set it in. So, when I started composing Queen of Dreams, I knew I wanted to convey 9/11 into it. The book may be coming out three old ages subsequently, but the concern was at that place right from the beginning. It takes clip to digest the experience and transform it into a literary, non-autobiographical signifier. And this is how long it took me.21 Therefore, her book Queen of Dreams ( 2004 ) depicts 9/11 and its cultural aftershocks, including a scene in which bigoted Whites attack South Asians in America. Divakaruni truly tried to experience what was go oning in our community was so sad. That was a national calamity should hold brought us as one, yet so many communities were in fright of what would happen to them. She had started seting all these thoughts together in her book. She started composing this when they used to populate in the Bay country. Right before 9/11, she was merely seting together the ideas for a new novel. When the 9 /11 happened it distressed her strongly on many degrees. First it was the national calamity itself and there were effects on her community besides ; secondly the South Asiatic American community experienced instead a spot of violent hatred offenses, which other groups of people felt every bit good like Arad Americans. She had to compose about all these episodes. The writer besides wanted to research the sense of enigma about the existence. Different people come out of the same event by experiencing and seeing different things. 9/11 is such an illustration for some who reacted with great fright and others with force. The world operates really otherwise with Rakhi ( the supporter of the novel ) and her female parent in the Queen of Dreams. The fresh inquiries how we arrive at our state of world and whether there is merely one world. Harmonizing to the writer we need to work on it, all of us together specially to observe each other s differences and to understand each other. For her Literature is a great locale and she thinks that books ask for us into other civilisations and the lives of people from those societies. She believes that from the deep interior, we all are fighting with similar issues. Geting familiar with traditions that might foremost be unfamiliar to readers is one method to open up their heads and see those resemblances. She explained, I truly felt a demand to compose books about my civilization, to demo kids what it was like from the interior. I am certain you know how of import it is to see oneself reflected in literature and art in positive and complex ways. I besides wanted kids of other civilizations to be invited into my civilization and to associate to characters who are Indian. 22 This episode hearted her severely ; therefore we can see its effects on her plants. Whatever she personally feels, she discussed it in her authorship to portion all this with her readers. May be the name of the characters, their life and plot line are non really much personal but their interior feeling, battle, struggle or their point of positions is the same. Impact of her gramps s influence- We can easy detect the early impact of household background in Chitra Banerjee s plant. She grew up in a really traditional household, where so much regard has been given to their seniors. Divakaruni was really much influenced from the narratives of her gramps. This has been an indispensable subject in her composing right from the start. She has ever believed that stating a narrative is really powerful in itself. It transforms the Teller every bit good as the hearer. This possibility comes out of her ain milieus, where her gramps was a great narrator in unwritten. In her childhood, she went to pass summer vacations with him in her paternal small town. At that clip there was no running H2O and no electricity but still it was rather a charming topographic point for her. Every flushing her gramps would illume a kerosine lamp and called all of her cousins together. Normally he told them the narratives out of our heroic poems like the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and from the folk tales or f airy narratives such as the Panchtantra. Therefore, she has developed a great love for the folktale tradition and heroic poem narratives. She has tried to intertwine much of it into her plants. This point is chiefly for Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) , this is a novel in which storytelling takes on a great significance. The scene of the narratives shows us the existent image of Calcutta ; their traditions, imposts, nutrient, fabrics, rites, and so on. Through this novel, we can picture the life manner of misss in early Calcutta. The two adult females are brought up on traditional narratives and myths dictated by their aunts. This affects their visions towards the universe and their topographic point in it. Subsequently, when they gone through the times of problem so they re-tell these narratives to each other and gain strength from them. The writer has besides divided the book into two parts with the name of narratives one The Princess in the Palace of Snakes and other The Queen of Swords . She says for it, I was really fortunate to hold a gramps who told me a batch of the traditional common people narratives and some of those narratives are the same 1s I have put into Si ster of my Heart 23. We can detect another illustration of her gramps s large influence in her novel The Palace of Illusions ( 2008 ) . This is a revising of the Mahabharata which takes us back from today s life to a clip that seems unaccessible. But really it speaks to us about our modern hunt of truth and apprehension of life. The critical figure in this novel is Panchaali, while in the traditional heroic poem she is called Draupadi. Divakaruni has heard the narrative of the Mahabharata and Ramayana all the clip from her gramps when she was turning up. She loved to hear about the unbelievable utilizations of Godhead warrior heroes such as Krishna and Ram plus their charming arms. The ground behind the inspiration for this novel is besides really much personal because from her childhood she loved the great adult females of the heroic poems even more than work forces. While listening to the narratives of the Mahabharta, she realized that Draupadi was neer at the centre of the narrative. As in many heroic poems, the cardinal topographic point was reserved for work forces, with arms, wars, tribunal manoeuvres, and scheme. It appears that composing with the purpose to put adult females at the centre of her work has been another one of her enterprises. Divakaruni explained about her work in an interview, If we look at the universe as it is, puting a adult female in the centre of your work is extremist plenty, giving her the humanity, leting her to state her narrative. It makes her into a hero because she is construing the universe for us through her eyes. The narrative of Panchaali in The Palace of Illusions begins with her birth and ends with her decease. She is the Teller of everything, and everything in the book is what she has seen, heard, and interpreted, sometimes on a actual degree, but sometimes through dream visions, which is besides a portion of the mythic tradition. 24 Divakaruni s latest novel One Amazing Thing is besides a fantastic illustration of her accomplishments for stating narratives. Her gramps s storytelling connected to the values he gave her in the name of religious or cultural upbringing and its effects on her authorship really good. In this novel besides she tried to convey reciprocally things out of her heritage and in fact traveling back into the early heritage of Indian literature, every bit good as the really multicultural and planetary society in which she lives at that place in America. The universe has ever been cosmopolitan but more so at the present it has besides turn into multicultural. In One Amazing Thing, all the nine characters are supporters. In the starting of the narrative they all are catched by a major temblor in an Indian visa office in the cellar of a high-rise edifice in the United States. There is no manner to acquire off and so the lone thing they can make is to do the best of their fortunes. After that one o f the characters Uma petitions that each of them will state a narrative out of their yesteryear, somewhat that they have neer been able to state anybody. As they are looking frontward to acquire release, they tell these narratives. In footings of the constellation of this book, where everyone gets every bit of import, the writer goes back to old-timer storytelling signifiers, like the Panchatantra. It is a aggregation of the wise animate being narratives, where all of the animate beings tell narratives from which everyone in the group can derive cognition from it. Therefore, there is a sense of the autobiographical facets because of the technique of storytelling which she has learned from her gramps. Except the subdivision of storytelling this book besides gave us the sense that due to our positive attempts and hope we can come out of our bad fortunes. She shared her positions that, Some issues in this book are related to my ain experience in 2005, when Hurricane Rita was coming through. Since Houston had to be evacuated, we were stuck on the expressway. What happens when you evacuate such a big metropolis all at one time is that cipher gets to travel anyplace. We were on Interstate 10 for many hours, and at that place was a batch of terror. Out of that terror, bad behaviour arose, together with astonishing, compassionate attitudes. In the book One Amazing Thing, I wanted to research the religious inquiry of what we do in such fortunes, a inquiry for each of the characters and hopefully for the readers. 25 The characters in the novel all mean a journey to India, for so many different motivations. That is why they are in the consular office acquiring their visas. Merely two of them are Indian and the others are from assorted ages, races, and of the truly different socioeconomic milieus. With the usage of a really old storytelling method, the narratives lead to more narratives. One narrative set the hearers to chew over about how it applies to their lives, and to eventually come up with their ain narrative, the pick of which is influenced by the earlier narrative. Therefore, while the narratives are in discourse with one another, the characters are besides in conversation with each other. We witness this attack in the Panchatantra, to some extent in The Arabian Nights, and besides in the heroic poems such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Divakaruni wanted to mix it with what she considered a really modern dramatis personae of characters, to see what would turn out. She farther said t hat, It is my belief that we all have these narratives, but we have neer been taught to value them or to even look for them and acknowledge them. Actually, I could merely go a author when I began to believe that I had a narrative that was deserving stating when I trusted that people would be interested in listening to it. As the characters start stating their narratives, it begins to alter something in them and decidedly in the others. The concluding astonishing thing of the book is that it brings together aliens, who in the beginning are really disquieted and panicky, particularly at being shut in with people so different from them.26 So, Chitra Banerjee is a author whose plants are non wholly autobiographical, but someway her experiences and patterns inspired her to the every narrative of her books via different ways. We can easy indicate out the glance of her gramps s influence and the early impact of her household background in her authorship. This is a strong point to picture the traits of autobiography in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni s plants. Through her authorship she wants to reform the society and convey everyone closer by utilizing her ain lessons of life and incidents. Therefore, Mrs. Divakaruni s narratives are every bit resistless as the urge that leads her characters to come up into adulthood, raising their caputs above inundations of Ag ignorance. ( New York Times Book Review ) 27 Sense of Dislocation- Chiefly Divakaruni s novels strengthen the basic experiential attack of interior disruption. The characters turn around their exaggerated self-consciousness and diffidence. They are basically alone existences and they experience a rupture from society. In such a alone endurance they feel undistinguished and threatened. They are dying by the noticeable insignificance of being. Hence, they explore for significance by conceive ofing being alone. But even in the thick of this pretend individualism, they feel scared and immaterial. Divakaruni s authorship is packed by her ain patterns as a first-generation migrator and a adult female between variable traditions and civilizations. Her apprehensiveness for adult females of her ain heritage is broadcasted non merely through her award-winning novels and short narratives but besides by her part with organisations ; that s purpose is to assist South Asiatic American and South Asiatic adult females in state of affairss of domestic force and torment, in the Houston and San Francisco Bay country. In 1991, with a group of friends, she established a help-line to do available different sorts of services to Indian American adult females. The most indispensable things the help-line voluntaries do is to listen and be a compassionate. She explained, At Berkeley, I volunteered at the adult females s centre. As I got more involved, I become interested in assisting beat-up adult females force against adult females crosses cultural boundary lines and educational degrees. Then, easy, I focused on adult females in my community.28 Therefore, the subject of abused adult females, as we know, is of import and comes once more and once more in a figure of books ; slightly because of the work she has done in the community with domestic force or fierceness. She expressed her personal experiences and apprehensions in forepart of her readers via these narratives. That s truly of import for the autobiographical point of position besides. We can easy happen the characters of autobiography in it. In her authorship, domestic ferociousness is explored from many diverse angles. Inspired by the life narratives of these adult females, Divakaruni published a short narrative aggregation Arranged Marriage ( 1995 ) , which told us about their bravery and their maltreatment. Set wholly in India, a beat-up adult female makes a pick to travel back to her maltreater. That s same someway in her farther short-story aggregation The Lifes of Strangers ( 2001 ) . This gathered work characteristics narratives set in America and India. Divak aruni clarifies the changes of personal scenes brought approximately by the picks adult females and work forces make at every stage of their lives. Therefore, Beautifully told narratives of transformed livesaˆÂ ¦.Both liberated and trapped by cultural alterations on both sides of the ocean, these adult females struggle ferociously to carve out an individuality of their ain. ( San Francisco Chronicle ) 29 In The Mistress of Spices, a adult female in similar fortunes, brought approximately partially by her colonisation, is cut off at one time from her full support system of household and other adult females who might assist her, and she has to do a determination. At the terminal of much painful thought and seeking out different things, she decides to go forth the relationship. The few supporters in her novels are largely unsettled confronting a hostile universe around them. The abandoning of the traditional additive construction of the novel provides them with the range for embroidering her novels with a broad usage of originals, motives, and symbols. There are besides a few dream visions and sequences, which the author uses to be after the interior agony of her sensitive characters. Remembrance of past memories causes terrific mental perturbations in most of the characters. It is because many of the discrepancies and torment suffered by her are rooted in some past occurrence, normally in the societal milieus. Her novels hint the altering forms of civilisation, particularly because of migration. Chitra Banerjee is a acute perceiver of society and whatever she observed, we can easy calculate out in her plants. Attitude towards religion- Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni was born in 1957 in Calcutta, India. One of her premier reminiscences is that of her gramps told her the narratives from ancient Indian heroic poems like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. She quickly noticed that fascinatingly, unlike the male heroes, the cardinal dealingss the adult females had were with their lovers, boies, hubbies, or antagonists. They did non hold any of import female comrades. This topic would finally go really indispensable to Divakaruni s authorship. The writer was raised as and still she is a pious Hindu. She has grown up with the elements of the fabulous narratives, folk tales, and the narratives of thaumaturgy. Though Divakaruni is familiar with the Hindu doctrine ; she has quote liberally from Mahabharata in her fresh Palace of Illusions ( 2008 ) . She is non on the whole a really spiritual individual but instead she uses her acquaintance as an added adornment in her fiction. Divakaruni one time explained her ground for authorshi p, There is certain spiritualty, non needfully spiritual the kernel of spiritualty that is at the bosom of the Indian mind that finds the Godhead in everything. It was of import for me to get down composing about my ain world and that of my community. 30 The Palace of Illusion is yet a blend of modern concerns with the heritage of the fatherland. The Bhagavad Gita is at the centre of the Mahabharata and it considered to be the heroic poem which is most closely connected to Hinduism. The writer could non cover with it in the novel but she placed Krishna as Panchaali s usher, comrade, and protagonist from the really beginning of her life. In fact, Krishna gives Panchaali messages from the Bhagavad Gita all the manner through the text, but he works it into day-to-day talk. In Divakaruni s attack, we can see the move from a customary spiritual position to a much tremendous religious perceptual experience. She used to pass her summer holiday with her aunt in Rourkela, a little town really different in spirit from Calcutta, where she lived. She got the sense of spiritual imposts in the company of her aunt. She shared her memories, My aunt besides taught me a supplication ritual, or vrata, popular among single misss. This ritual involved a hebdomadal fast, the assemblage of certain foliages and flowers, the pouring of H2O over a statue of Shiva and a chant 31. Those experiences are a really indispensable portion of her life and we can easy picture it in her novels such as Sister of my Heart ( 1999 ) and Mistress of Spices ( 1997 ) . In her book The Mistress of Spices, she gave some enlightenment on the charming power behind the different spices and its connexion with spiritualty. She besides made an attempt to associate them with the holy liquors like Shri Ram, Shabari, Sita mom, and so on. As, For all of them in the eventide I burn tulsi, basil which is the works of humbleness, curber of self-importance. The sweet fume of basil whose gustatory sensation know on my ain lingua, for many times the Old One has burned it for me excessively. Basil scared to Shri Ram, which slakes the craving for power, which turns the ideas inward, off from sophistication. Further, Fenugreek methi, speckled seed foremost sown by Shabari, oldest adult female in the world.32 She discussed about the power of those spices and her attitude towards the spiritual point of position is really much lucid. She was able to make justness with these illustrations merely because of her childhood patterns and her concern towards faith. She compared chilly with Lanka someplace in the book and besides gave a really acute and evident description about Lanka s significance. The dry chili, lanka, is the most powerful of spices. In its blister-red tegument, the most beautiful. Its other name is danger. The chilli sings in the voice of a hawk circling sun-bleached hills where nil grows. I lankawas born of Agni, God of fire. I dripped from his fingertips to convey gustatory sensation to this bland Earth. 33 In her another fresh Sister of my Heart, we can detect the illustrations of her spiritual concern. She tried to give us an thought about the importance Kalighat Temple every bit good as Durga-Puja. The spiritual civilization which she predicted in her novel is really much stopping point to Calcutta. Even the matrimony ceremonial was in Calcutta manner. This metropolis is worldwide celebrated for Durga-Puja and their religion towards Ma Kali. They keep a good religion in God and a small superstitious besides about it. There is description of Bidhata Purush besides in the book and he was considered as future shaper of a newborn babe. One of the characters in the narrative explained that, The Bidhata Purush is tall and has a long, spun-silk face fungus like the astrologist my female parent visits each month to happen out what the planets have in shop for her. He is dressed in a robe made of the finest white cotton, his fingers drip visible radiation, and his pess do non touch the land as he glides towards us.34 Therefore, all these cases someway make her plants near to autobiography. Decision Divakaruni is persuaded that the written word is really of import to continue and retrieving the history, that s why she started composing in the first topographic point. She spent a batch of old ages of her life in India, after that she moved to the United States to analyze at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. Writing was decidedly non an awaited portion of her but it may hold potted her individuality. Subsequently on she moved to California to prosecute her doctors degree in English literature at UC-Berkeley. Chitra Banerjee was seeking to acquire settled into her life in America when her gramps died. After this episode she recalls, I realized [ so ] how much I had forgotten already about India and life at that place. I started composing as an action to forestall myself from burying. It was a really personal thing 35. And so she began her composing profession. But her books are frequently set in her in a heartfelt way loved new place, the San Francisco Bay country. She does nt merely look to the yesteryear ; in fact, she endeavored to unite her cognition of the migratory experience with her acquaintance of a diverse and affluent scene. Though she is soon teaching literature at the University of Houston, but still she and her household like to pass their summers back in California. Therefore, she is composing about the locations where she spent her life. She says, For major characters, I do remain within the community, because that s what knows best. There are the people I know more so than people I might see or run into from the exteriors. And there s ever something naming me, excessively, to the Bay Area. That s the topographic point I know best ; that s place. I know its hills, the streets, the markets, the odors, and the sounds. So I can compose with more authorization. The other topographic point is Calcutta, because that s where I have spent most of my clip when I m in India. Both of those topographic points have an emotional resonance for me. 36 Divakaruni s authorship is stimulated by her ain patterns as a first-generation migrator and a adult female, who ever lived between traditions and civilizations. Her concern for adult females of her ain heritage is broadcasted non merely through her award-winning novels and short narratives but besides her association with organisations that s purpose is to assist out South Asiatic American or South Asiatic adult females in the state of affairss of domestic maltreatment and hurt, in the San Francisco Bay c

Writing the Specification For A Utility Patent

Writing the Specification For A Utility Patent Introduction Requirements Patent specifications are not written at a laypersons level of understanding, they are written at an experts level of understanding. In addition, they are ways to write things based on legal interpretation that can give you the best patent protection. Writing the specification for a utility patent requires both technical and legal skill. paper format Formatting and Numbering The Pages All the pages of the specification including claims and abstract, have to be numbered consecutively, starting with 1. This does not apply to the transmittal letter sheets or other forms.The page numbers should be centrally located preferably below the text.The text lines of the specification must be 1.5 or double spaced (lines of other text not comprising the specification need not be 1.5 or double spaced).Include an indentation at the beginning of each new paragraph, and number the paragraphs starting at (0001 etc.). Section Headings TITLE OF INVENTIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSSTATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENTREFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM, LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIXBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONBRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONCLAIM OR CLAIMSABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSUREDRAWINGS (When Necessary)OATH OR DECLARATIONSEQUENCE LISTING (When Necessary) Next Detailed Instructions For Each Section Heading Do you want to know what the Patent office does after you file your patent application, or what you might have to do after they receive it? See Examination of Patent Applications. TITLE OF INVENTION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS application data sheet STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM, LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX If a computer program listing is to be submitted and is over 300 lines long (each line of up to 72 characters), the computer program listing must be submitted on a compact disc compliant with rule 1.96, and the specification must contain a reference to the computer program listing appendix. A computer program listing of 300 or less lines may similarly be submitted on compact disc. The computer program listing on compact disc will not be printed with any patent or patent application publication. If a gene sequence listing is to be submitted, the sequence may be submitted on a compact disc in compliance with laws 1.821, 1.822, 1.823, 1.824, and 1.825, instead of submission on paper, and the specification must contain a reference to the gene sequence listing on compact disc. If a table of data is to be submitted, and such table would occupy more than 50 pages if submitted on paper, the table can be submitted on a compact disc compliant with rule 1.58, and the specification must contain a reference to the table on compact disc. The data in the table must properly align visually with the associated rows and columns. Next Background of Invention, Summary, Drawing Views, Detailed Description The description, together with the claims forms the bulk of your patent application. It is here that you give a full account of your invention. The description begins with background information relevant to the invention and describes the invention in increasing levels of detail. One of your goals in writing the description is to compose it so that someone skilled in your field would be able to reproduce it just from reading your description and looking at the drawings. Reference Material Tips on Writing the Description BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This section should also contain a description of information known to you, including references to specific documents, which are related to your invention. It should contain, if applicable, references to specific problems involved in the prior art (or state of technology) which your invention is drawn toward. In the past, this section may have been titled DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART or DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It is required that the description be sufficient so that any person of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, science, or area could make and use the invention without extensive experimentation. The best mode contemplated by you of carrying out your invention must be set forth in the description. Each element in the drawings should be mentioned in the description. This section has often, in the past, been titled DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT. Next Claims, Abstract CLAIMS The claim or claims must particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which you regard as the invention. The claims define the scope of the protection of the patent. Whether a patent will be granted is determined, in large measure, by the choice of wording of the claims. One Claim Is Required For Filing The claims section must begin with the statement, What I claim as my invention is... or I (We) claim... followed by the statement of what you regard as your invention. One or more claims may be presented in dependent form, referring back to and further limiting another claim or claims in the same application. All dependent claims should be grouped together with the claim or claims to which they refer to the extent practicable. Any dependent claim that refers to more than one other claim (a multiple dependent claim) shall refer to such other claims in the alternative only. Each claim should be a single sentence, and where a claim sets forth a number of elements or steps, each element or step of the claim should be separated by a line indentation. In Claims Every Word Is Important The fee required to be submitted with a nonprovisional utility patent application is, in part, determined by the number of claims, independent claims, and dependent claims. Reference Material Tips on Writing Patent ClaimsPatent Rules About Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The purpose of the abstract is to enable the USPTO and the public to determine quickly the nature of the technical disclosures of your invention. The abstract points out what is new in the art to which your invention pertains. It should be in narrative form and generally limited to a single paragraph, and it must begin on a separate page. An abstract should not be longer than 150 words. Reference Material Tips on Writing a Patent Application Abstract Next Drawings, Oath, Sequence Listing, Mailing Receipt DRAWINGS (when necessary) A patent application is required to contain drawings if drawings are necessary for the understanding of the subject matter sought to be patented. The drawings must show every feature of the invention as specified in the claims. Omission of drawings may cause an application to be considered incomplete. If you need to create patent drawings use our Guide to Patent Drawings. OATH OR DECLARATION, SIGNATURE PTO/SB/01 without application data sheetPTO/SB/01A for combination with an application data sheetPTO/SB/02 for additional inventors Providing a correspondence address will help to ensure prompt delivery of all notices, official letters, and other communications. In addition, a shortened declaration can be used when you also file an Application Data Sheet. The oath or declaration must be signed by all of the actual inventors. An oath may be administered by any person within the United States, or by a diplomatic or consular officer of a foreign country, who is authorized by the United States to administer oaths. A declaration does not require any witness or person to administer or verify its signing. Thus, use of a declaration is preferable. A full first and last name with middle initial or name, if any, of each inventor are required. The mailing address and citizenship of each inventor are also required if an application data sheet is not used. SEQUENCE LISTING (when necessary) You must prepare this section, for the disclosure of a nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence, with a listing of the sequence that complies with the following patent rules: 1.821, 1.822, 1.823, 1.824, and 1.825, and may be in paper or electronic form. Obtaining A Receipt For Mailed Patent Application Documents See - Obtaining a Receipt for Documents Mailed to USPTO Next Creating Patent Drawings For A Utility Patent

Operation Mangement (forcasting) Research Paper

Operation Mangement (forcasting) - Research Paper Example Due to the fact that many managers are always eager to match the supply of commodities with their demands, it is therefore very important for them to forecast on the amount of space required for the supply to the demands. Chapter three explains several methods of forecasting that helps managers to make future predictions for the purpose of improving the operations of the company. In this context, we are going to focus on six issues that include; managing, finance, strategy, operations statistics and data. Under the topic of operation management, I chose two articles that relates to the main topic. These articles are; ` the Competing analytics` that belong to the Harvard business review and `Supply Chain Management review`. Both articles are very interesting to read as they try to share some common features though some are different. The articles also provide the clients with basic business information in relation to operation management. The competing analytics reflects on various subtopics such as strategies and quantitative forecasts, exemplars of analytics, the analytics and financial performance and finally, the distinctive capability. The article of Supply and Chain Management has the following subtopics: the selection of articles, the inter-rater reliability and review process, the classification framework and the strategy used, research methods and statistics, result and the data, industry sector, definitional issues, framing of SMC and discipline bases. Since there are two mai n forecasting methods; the qualitative and quantitative forecasting method, this paper mainly reflects on the qualitative forecasting method. This method consists of human judgment, subjective, opinions and it is non mathematical. At the end, the similarities and differences between the two articles, lessons learnt and conclusion. Harvard Business Review The main goal that Harvard Business Review intends to achieve is to be the best source of ideas that are very new in the market to enable different personalities to lead, create, lead and transform businesses. Judgmental forecasting method that involves the sales-force opinions, executive opinions and consumer survey was used. The HBR was founded in the year 1992 and has managed to become the world`s preeminent magazine in terms of management, publishing cutting-edge and authoritative thinking on important issues that face the executives. The HBR articles cover several topics that are relevant to different industries, geographical l ocations and management functions. All the HBR articles focus on areas such as management, finance, operations, strategy, negotiation, leadership and organizational change. This enables the HBR articles to relate to the operation management (forecasting) that also deals with management, operations and organizational change. In addition to that, the articles share common characteristics such that all of them are written for senior managers. The writing is done by the experts who have experience in the field of writing and their work has already been studied and analyzed. The ideas that are presented in the article can be put in to action due to the fact that they have already been tested in the business world and have successfully worked. When evaluating a given idea from the article, the editors always focus on the things that might